What type of information may schools disclose without consent to researchers?

Schools are permitted to disclose directory information without consent to researchers. Directory information typically includes details such as a student’s name, address, phone number, email address, and other identifying characteristics that are not generally harmful or an invasion of privacy when shared. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) allows schools to define what constitutes directory information and enables them to disclose this information without obtaining consent from the student or their parents.

On the other hand, disciplinary records, health information, and test scores are usually considered more sensitive and are protected under various regulations. These types of information generally require consent for disclosure, as they can contain private and potentially damaging details about a student. By allowing unrestricted access to directory information, schools balance the need for research and collaboration with the protection of students' more sensitive personal data.